职业行为准则

规则3.3 .对法庭坦诚

 (a)澳门赌场官网不得故意:
       (1) Make a false statement of fact or law to a tribunal or fail to correct a false statement of material fact or law previously made to the tribunal by the lawyer, 除非更正需要披露规则1所禁止的资料.6;
       (2)在明知是犯罪或欺诈的情况下，为当事人提供咨询或协助, but a lawyer may discuss the legal consequences of any proposed course of conduct with a client and may counsel or assist a client to make a good-faith effort to determine the validity, 范围, 意义, 法律的适用;
       (3) Fail to disclose to the tribunal legal authority in the controlling jurisdiction not disclosed by opposing counsel and known to the lawyer to be dispositive of a question at issue and directly adverse to the position of the client; or
       (四)提供澳门赌场官网明知是虚假的证据，但第(二)款规定的除外。. 澳门赌场官网可以拒绝提供证据, 除了刑事案件中被告的证词, 澳门赌场官网有理由相信是错误的.

   (b) When the witness who intends to give evidence 澳门赌场官网知道这是假的 is the lawyer’s client and is the accused in a criminal case, the lawyer shall first make a good-faith effort to dissuade the client from presenting the false evidence; if the lawyer is unable to dissuade the client, 澳门赌场官网应请求法庭允许其退出. 澳门赌场官网不能劝阻委托人或者撤回而不致对委托人造成严重损害的, 澳门赌场官网可以让当事人在证人席上以叙述的方式作证, 但是，澳门赌场官网不得询问委托人，以逼供其明知是虚假的证言, 不得在结案辩论中对委托人证词的证明价值提出异议.
   (c)第(a)款所述的义务一直持续到诉讼结束为止.
   (d) A lawyer who receives information clearly establishing that a fraud has been perpetrated upon the tribunal shall promptly take reasonable remedial measures, 包括在第1条所允许的范围内向审裁处披露.6(d).

评论

   [1]这条规则规定了向法庭坦白的义务. 见规则1.第0(l)条“法庭”的定义.” The rule also applies when the lawyer is representing a client in an ancillary proceeding conducted pursuant to the tribunal’s adjudicative authority, 比如沉积. 在与法庭打交道时，澳门赌场官网还必须遵守规则1的一般要求.2(e)及(f). 然而, an advocate does not vouch for the evidence submitted in a cause; the tribunal is responsible for assessing its probative value.

澳门赌场官网的陈述
   [2]据称是澳门赌场官网的断言, 如在澳门赌场官网的宣誓书中或在公开法庭上的陈述中, may properly be made only when the lawyer knows the assertion is true or believes it to be true on the basis of a reasonably diligent inquiry. 在某些情况下，未作出披露可能等同于肯定的失实陈述. If the lawyer comes to know that a statement of material fact or law that the lawyer previously made to the tribunal is false, 澳门赌场官网有义务纠正陈述, 除非改正需要披露规则1所禁止的资料.6. (a)(1)段中的这一规定不同于ABA示范规则3.第3(a)(1)条，要求澳门赌场官网披露受规则1保护的信息.(六)必要时纠正澳门赌场官网的虚假陈述. 规则1.D .允许澳门赌场官网泄露客户的秘密.C. 规则3.3(a)(1) requires the lawyer to disclose that information to the extent reasonably necessary to correct a false statement of material fact or law. D中没有.C. 规则3.第3(a)(1)条限制规则4下的任何披露责任.1(b) when substantive law requires a lawyer to disclose client information to avoid being deemed to have assisted the client’s crime or fraud. 规则1规定的义务.2(e) not to counsel a client to commit or assist the client in committing a fraud applies in litigation but is subject to 规则3.3(b)及(d). 关于遵守规则1.2(e)，见对该规则的评论. 另请参阅 规则8.4.

误导性法律论证
   [3]基于故意对法律作虚假陈述的法律论证构成对法庭的不诚实. 澳门赌场官网不需要对法律作出公正的解释, 但必须承认相关法律权威的存在. 此外, 如(a)(3)分段所述, an advocate has a duty to disclose directly adverse authority in the controlling jurisdiction that has not been disclosed by the opposing party and that is dispositive of a question at issue. The underlying concept is that legal argument is a discussion seeking to determine the legal premises properly applicable to the case.

提供的证据
   [4]澳门赌场官网知道证据是假的，但提供证据的人不是当事人, 无论当事人的意愿如何，澳门赌场官网都必须拒绝提供. This duty is premised on the lawyer’s obligation as an officer of the court to prevent the trier of fact from being misled by false evidence. 澳门赌场官网提供证据以证明证据的虚假性的，不违反本条规定.
   [5]委托人提供虚假证据的, 然而, a conflict may arise between the lawyer’s duty to keep the client’s revelations confidential and the duty of candor to the court. 认定物证不实的, 澳门赌场官网应设法说服当事人不应提供证据, 如果有的话, 它的虚假性质应该立即被揭露. 不管客户的意愿, 然而, 澳门赌场官网知道委托人的证据是虚假的，不得提供证据, 除非客户是刑事案件的被告，否则(b)款允许的范围除外. The lawyer is obligated not only to refuse to offer false evidence under subparagraph (a)(4) but also to take reasonable remedial measures under paragraph (d) if the false evidence has been offered.
   [6]禁止提供虚假证据的规定只有在澳门赌场官网知道证据是虚假的情况下才适用. 澳门赌场官网知道证据是假的，可以从情况中推断出来. 看到 规则1.0(f). 因此, 尽管澳门赌场官网应解决对证词或其他有利于当事人的证据的真实性的怀疑, 澳门赌场官网不能忽视一个明显的谎言.
   [7]尽管第(a)款第(4)项禁止澳门赌场官网仅在其知道证据是虚假的情况下提供证据, 它还允许澳门赌场官网拒绝提供澳门赌场官网合理认为是虚假的证词或其他证据. Offering such proof may reflect adversely on the lawyer’s ability to discriminate in the quality of evidence and thus impair the lawyer’s effectiveness as an advocate. 因为历史上为刑事被告提供的特殊保护, 然而, this rule does not permit a lawyer to refuse to offer the testimony of such a client where the lawyer reasonably believes but does not know that the testimony will be false. 除非澳门赌场官网知道证词是假的, 澳门赌场官网必须尊重当事人作证的决定.

补救措施
   [8] (d)款规定，如果澳门赌场官网得知法庭上发生了欺诈行为, 澳门赌场官网必须采取合理的补救措施. 如果澳门赌场官网的委托人与欺诈有牵连, 澳门赌场官网通常应首先要求委托人纠正欺诈行为. 如果委托人不愿意这样做，澳门赌场官网应该考虑其他补救措施. 但是，澳门赌场官网不得披露在其他方面受规则1保护的信息.6, 除非客户利用澳门赌场官网的服务进一步犯罪或欺诈，并且披露是规则1允许的.6(d). 在其他情况下, 澳门赌场官网可能在客户有机会提出虚假证据之前就知道客户的意图. 在这种情况下, 第(a)(4)和(b)款禁止澳门赌场官网出示虚假证据, 除非在刑事案件中证人是被告的极少数情况下, 澳门赌场官网没能成功地阻止委托人继续诉讼, 澳门赌场官网在不给委托人造成严重伤害的情况下无法退出. 另外，规则1.6(c) may permit disclosure of client confidences and secrets when the lawyer learns of a prospective fraud on the tribunal involving, 例如, 贿赂或恐吓证人. 规则3中使用的“刑事案件”和“刑事被告”一词.第3条及其评注包括少年犯罪诉讼程序和该诉讼程序的当事人.

刑事被告作伪证
   [9] Paragraph (b) allows the lawyer to permit a client who is the accused in a criminal case to present false testimony in very narrowly circumscribed circumstances and in a very limited manner. 即使在刑事案件中，澳门赌场官网也必须设法说服被告-委托人不要作伪证. 当这种劝说失败时，关于澳门赌场官网的义务存在争议. (b)款要求澳门赌场官网撤回而不是提供客户的虚假证词, 如果这样做不会严重伤害客户.
   [10] Serious harm to the client sufficient to prevent the lawyer’s withdrawal entails more than the usual inconveniences that necessarily result from withdrawal, 如延迟结案或增加结案费用. The term should be construed narrowly to preclude withdrawal only where the special circumstances of the case are such that the client would be significantly prejudiced, 例如以明示或暗示的方式泄露受规则1保护的资料.6. 如果与委托人的对峙发生在审判前，澳门赌场官网通常可以回避. 审判前撤回可能是不可能的, 然而, 要么是因为审判迫在眉睫, 或者是因为与当事人的对质要等到开庭后才会发生, 或者因为没有其他澳门赌场官网. 在极少数情况下，不可能在不严重损害客户利益的情况下撤回, the lawyer may go forward with examination of the client and closing argument subject to the limitations of paragraph (b).

拒绝提供非客户的虚假证明
   [11]一般来说, 澳门赌场官网不得提供证言或者其他证据, 通过非客户端, 澳门赌场官网知道这是假的. 此外, 澳门赌场官网知道委托人的证据是虚假的，不得提供证据, 除非客户是刑事案件的被告，否则(b)款允许的范围除外.

义务期限
   [12] A practical time limit on the obligation to take reasonable remedial measures concerning criminal and fraudulent conducted related to the proceeding is needed. The conclusion of the proceeding is an appropriate and reasonably definite point for the termination of the obligation. A proceeding has concluded within the 意义 of this rule when a final judgment in the proceeding has been affirmed on appeal or the time for review has passed. 澳门赌场官网在诉讼结束前退庭的, 澳门赌场官网的义务在回避时终止.

撤军
   [13] A lawyer’s compliance with the duty of candor imposed by this rule might require that the lawyer withdraw from the representation of a client. 但是，规则1可能要求澳门赌场官网.16(a)如果澳门赌场官网没有遵守本规则的诚实义务，则请求法庭准许其撤回, 或符合规则1的要求.6(c)，导致澳门赌场官网无法按照本规则代表客户. 参见规则1.16(b)在何种情况下，澳门赌场官网将获准寻求法庭的回避许可. 以委托人的不当行为为前提提出的撤回请求, 澳门赌场官网只能在规则1允许的范围内透露与代理有关的资料.6.